Keynes and Bown replay their November 2017 interview with Marcus Noland about his research on implementing trade sanctions on North Korea. First up is his recent book with Stephan Haggard Hard Target: Sanctions, Inducements, and the Case of North Korea (Stanford University Press, 2017) and the evidence behind the effectiveness of using trade policy to bring about change in North Korea. They discuss the implications of North Korea’s periods of autarky, and the commitment and coordination challenges facing countries that seek to implement trade sanctions in the modern economy, even when motivated by geopolitical concerns and the nuclear threat posed by the North Korean regime.